Awesome Cloud Native Security 🐿

This repository is used to collect AWESOME resources on the topic of cloud native security found during research.

Note:

• All resources will be suffixed and ordered by date of conferences, blogs or other formats of publication, if applicable.
• Resources in sub-list are related to their parent entries.
• For simplicity, resources would NOT be duplicated in two or more topics. For example, some resources about Escape of Windows Server Containers are within topic Windows Containers.
• Contributions are welcome & appreciated :)

0 General

• OWASP Cloud-Native Application Security Top 10
• Hacking and Hardening Kubernetes Clusters by Example (KubeCon 2017)
• 2018绿盟科技容器安全技术报告 (2018-11)
  • 2020绿盟科技云原生安全技术报告 (2021-01)
• A Measurement Study on Linux Container Security: Attacks and Countermeasures (ACSAC 2018)
• Kubernetes Security: Operating Kubernetes Clusters and Applications Safely (Book, 2018-09-28)
  • Container Security: Fundamental Technology Concepts that Protect Containerized Applications (Book, 2020-04-01)
• MITRE ATT&CK framework for container runtime security with Falco. (2019-05-10)
  • Threat matrix for Kubernetes (Microsoft, 2020-04-02)
    • Microsoft's Kubernetes Threat Matrix: Here's What's Missing (2020-10-26)
    • Secure containerized environments with updated threat matrix for Kubernetes (2021-03-23)
  • 国内首个云上容器ATT&CK攻防矩阵发布，阿里云助力企业容器化安全落地 (2020-06-18)
  • MITRE ATT&CK Containers Matrix (2021-04-29)
  • 最佳实践：发布国内首个K8S ATT&CK攻防矩阵 (青藤, 2021-08-25)
  • 2021西部云安全峰会召开：“云安全优才计划”发布，腾讯云安全攻防矩阵亮相 (2021-09-26)
  • 云原生安全：基于容器ATT&CK矩阵模拟攻防对抗的思考 (2021-11-01)
• Containers' Security: Issues, Challenges, and Road Ahead (IEEE Access 2019)
• 企业应用容器化的攻与防 (JINQI-CON 2019)
• Sysdig 2021 Container Security and Usage Report (2021-01-01)
• CNCF Cloud Native Security Whitepaper (2021-02-17)
• Metarget：云原生攻防靶场开源啦！ (2021-05-10)
• 컨테이너에서 버그 찾기 어디까지 해봤니 (How to Find Container Platform Bug, CodeEngn 2021)
• Kubernetes Hardening Guidance (by NSA & CISA, 2021-08-03)
• Kubernetes Security Checklist and Requirements
• 《云原生安全：攻防实践与体系构建》
• Security Challenges in the Container Cloud (IEEE TPS-ISA 2021)

1 Offensive

1.1 General

• Container Security: Examining Potential Threats to the Container Environment (2019-05-14)
• 云原生环境渗透工具考察 (2020-06-22)
• 红蓝对抗中的云原生漏洞挖掘及利用实录 (2021-03-02)
• 靶机实验：综合场景下的渗透实战
• Exploit Symlink for Fun and Profit: from Native to Cloud Native (2021-12-08)

1.2 Kubernetes

1.2.1 General

• Walls Within Walls: What if your attacker knows parkour? (KubeCon 2019)
  • Walls Within Walls: What if Your Attacker Knows Parkour? (Video)
• k0otkit：针对K8s集群的通用后渗透控制技术 (CIS 2020)
  • k0otkit: Hack K8s in a K8s Way (Paper)
  • k0otkit: Hack K8s in a K8s Way (Video)
  • Github Repo for k0otkit
• Advanced Persistence Threats: The Future of Kubernetes Attacks (RSA 2020)
  • Advanced Persistence Threats: The Future of Kubernetes Attacks (Video)
• Compromising Kubernetes Cluster by Exploiting RBAC Permissions (RSA 2020)
  • Compromising Kubernetes Cluster by Exploiting RBAC Permissions (Video)
• Kubernetes Privilege Escalation: Excessive Permissions in Popular Platforms
  • Kubernetes Privilege Escalation: Container Escape == Cluster Admin? (Video)
  • Kubernetes Privilege Escalation: Container Escape == Cluster Admin? (PPT)
• Command and KubeCTL: Real-world Kubernetes Security for Pentesters (Shmoocon 2020)
  • Deep Dive into Real-World Kubernetes Threats (2020-02-12)
• Using Kubelet Client to Attack the Kubernetes Cluster (2020-08-19)
• Attacking Kubernetes Clusters Through Your Network Plumbing: Part 1 (2020-11-05)
  • Attacking Kubernetes Clusters Through Your Network Plumbing: Part 2 (2021-05-17)
• Metadata service MITM allows root privilege escalation (EKS / GKE) (2021-02-28)
• etcd未授权访问的风险及修复方案详解 (2021-04-09)
• New Attacks on Kubernetes via Misconfigured Argo Workflows (2021-07-20)
• Creating Malicious Admission Controllers (2021-08-09)
• Don’t let Prometheus Steal your Fire (2021-10-12))
• Attack Cloud Native Kubernetes (HITB 2021)
• Metasploit in Kubernetes (2021-11-04)
• 【技术推荐】云原生之Kubernetes安全 (2021-12-18)

1.2.2 Vulnerabilities and Exploits

• Understanding about CVE-2017–1002101 on kubernetes (2018-03-19)
  • Fixing the Subpath Volume Vulnerability in Kubernetes (2018-04-04)
  • ExP: CVE-2017-1002101 by bgeesaman
  • CVE-2017-1002101：突破隔离访问宿主机文件系统
  • 逃逸风云再起：从CVE-2017-1002101到CVE-2021-25741 (2021-10-12)
• Exploiting path traversal in kubectl cp (CVE-2018-1002100, 2018-05-04)
  • Disclosing a directory traversal vulnerability in Kubernetes copy – CVE-2019-1002101 (2019-03-28)
  • CVE-2019-11246: Clean links handling in cp's tar code (2019-04-30)
  • CVE-2019-11249: Incomplete fixes for CVE-2019-1002101 and CVE-2019-11246, kubectl cp potential directory traversal (2019-08-05)
  • CVE-2019-11251: kubectl cp symlink vulnerability (2020-02-03)
• The Story of the First Kubernetes Critical CVE (CVE-2018-1002105, 2018-12-04)
  • CVE-2018-1002105（k8s特权提升）原理与利用分析报告 (2018-12-08)
• CVE-2018-1002103：远程代码执行与虚拟机逃逸
• Kubernetes hostPort allow services traffic interception when using kubeproxy IPVS (CVE-2019-9946, 2019-03-28)
• Non-Root Containers, Kubernetes CVE-2019-11245 and Why You Should Care, (2019-08-28)
• When it’s not only about a Kubernetes CVE... (CVE-2020-8555, 2020-06-03)
• Kubernetes Vulnerability Puts Clusters at Risk of Takeover (CVE-2020-8558, 2020-07-27)
• Kubernetes man in the middle using LoadBalancer or ExternalIPs (CVE-2020-8554, 2020-12-08)
  • Protecting Against an Unfixed Kubernetes Man-in-the-Middle Vulnerability (CVE-2020-8554, 2020-12-21)
• Host MITM attack via IPv6 rogue router advertisements (K8S CVE-2020-10749 / Docker CVE-2020-13401 / LXD / WSL2 / …) (2021-02-28)
• Exploiting and detecting CVE-2021-25735: Kubernetes validating admission webhook bypass (2021-04-28)
  • ExP: CVE-2021-25735 by darryk10
• Detecting and Mitigating CVE-2021-25737: EndpointSlice validation enables host network hijack (2021-05-24)
• 浅谈云上攻防——CVE-2020-8562漏洞为k8s带来的安全挑战 (2021-10-25)
• cr8escape: New Vulnerability in CRI-O Container Engine Discovered by CrowdStrike (CVE-2022-0811)
  • 谁动了我的core_pattern？CVE-2022-0811容器逃逸漏洞分析

1.3 Container

1.3.1 General

• Abusing Privileged and Unprivileged Linux Containers (2016-06-01)
• Bypassing Docker Authz Plugin and Using Docker-Containerd for Privesc (2019-07-11)
• A Methodology for Penetration Testing Docker Systems (Bachelor Theses, 2020-01-17)
  • 针对容器的渗透测试方法 (2020-04-17)
• 里应外合：借容器root提权 (2020-12-03)
• CVE-2021-21287: 容器与云的碰撞——一次对MinIO的测试 (2021-01-30)
• New Vulnerability Affecting Container Engines CRI-O and Podman (CVE-2021-20291) (2021-04-14)

1.3.2 Container Escape

• Container escape through open_by_handle_at (shocker exploit) (2014-06-18)
  • Docker breakout exploit analysis (2014-06-19)
  • PoC: Shocker by gabrtv
  • Docker 容器逃逸案例分析 (2016-07-19)
• Dirty COW - (CVE-2016-5195) - Docker Container Escape (2017-09)
  • ExP: CVE-2016-5195 by scumjr
• Escaping Docker container using waitid() – CVE-2017-5123 (2017-12-27)
  • Escaping Docker container using waitid() - CVE-2017-5123 (Video)
• A Compendium of Container Escapes (Black Hat 2019)
• In-and-out - Security of Copying to and from Live Containers (Open Source Summit 2019)
• CVE-2019-5736: Escape from Docker and Kubernetes containers to root on host (2019-02-13)
  • ExP: CVE-2019-5736 by Frichetten
  • Escaping a Broken Container - 'namespaces' from 35C3 CTF (2019-04-15)
  • 容器逃逸成真：从CTF到CVE-2019-5736 (2019-11-20)
• An Exercise in Practical Container Escapology (2019-03-07)
• Felix Wilhelm's Twitter on the Escape Technique utilizing release_agent (2019-07-17)
  • Understanding Docker container escapes (2019-07-19)
  • Privileged Container Escape - Control Groups release_agent (2020-11-19)
• Kubernetes Pod Escape Using Log Mounts (2019-08-01)
  • Kubelet follows symlinks as root in /var/log from the /logs server endpoint (debate on hackerone, 2021-04-02)
  • PoC: kube-pod-escape
• Original Tweet on CVE-2019-16884 (2019-09-22)
• CVE-2019-19921: Volume mount race condition with shared mounts (2020-01-01)
  • PoC: runc-masked-race.sh
  • PATCH RFC 1/1 mount: universally disallow mounting over symlinks (2019-12-30)
• 容器逃逸技术概览 (2020-02-21)
• Escaping Virtualized Containers (Black Hat 2020)
  • Kata Containers逃逸研究 (2020-09-25)
  • Security advisory for four vulnerabilities in Kata Containers (2020-12-04)
• CVE-2020-14386: Privilege Escalation Vulnerability in the Linux kernel (2020-10-09)
  • Containing a Real Vulnerability (2020-09-18)
• host模式容器逃逸漏洞（CVE-2020-15257）技术分析 (2020-12-02)
  • ABSTRACT SHIMMER (CVE-2020-15257): Host Networking is root-Equivalent, Again (2020-12-10)
  • 容器逃逸CVE-2020-15257 containerd-shim Exploit开发 (2020-12-14)
• The Strange Case of How We Escaped the Docker Default Container (CVE-2020-27352, 2021-03-04)
• runc mount destinations can be swapped via symlink-exchange to cause mounts outside the rootfs (CVE-2021-30465, 2021-05-30)
  • RunC TOCTOU逃逸CVE-2021-30465分析 (2021-08-18)
• 利用Linux内核漏洞实现Docker逃逸 (2021-06-11)
• 【安全干货】Docker CVE-2018-6552 (2021-06-30)
• CVE-2021-22555: Turning \x00\x00 into 10000$ (2021-07-07)
  • CVE-2021-22555：Linux 内核提权导致 Docker 逃逸 (2021-07-23)
• With Friends like eBPF, who needs enemies? (Defcon 29)
• Container Escape in 2021 (HITB 2021)
  • Container Escape in 2021 (KCon 2021)
• Finding Azurescape – Cross-Account Container Takeover in Azure Container Instances (2021-09-09)
• 云原生安全攻防｜使用eBPF逃逸容器技术分析与实践 (2021-11-03)
• Overflow in netlink bytemsg length field allows attacker to override netlink-based container configuration (CVE-2021-43784, 2021-12-06)
  • Issue 2241: runc/libcontainer: insecure handling of bind mount sources
• Podman Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition (CVE-2023-0778)
• Attacks are Forwarded: Breaking the Isolation of MicroVM-based Containers Through Operation Forwarding

1.3.3 Container DoS

• Houdini’s Escape: Breaking the Resource Rein of Linux Control Groups (CCS 2019)
  • Houdini’s Escape: Breaking the Resource Rein of Linux Control Groups (Video)
• Docker组件间标准输入输出复制的DoS攻击分析 (网络信息安全学报 2020)
• Demons in the Shared Kernel: Abstract Resource Attacks Against OS-level Virtualization (CCS 2021)

1.4 Serverless

• Hacking Serverless Runtimes (Black Hat 2017)
  • Hacking Serverless Runtimes (Whitepaper)
• Serverless Toolkit for Pentesters (2018-11-11)
• Serverless Red Team Infrastructure: Part 1, Web Bugs (2018-09)
• 针对AWS Lambda的运行时攻击 (2020-12-02)
• How We Escaped Docker in Azure Functions (2021-01-27)
  • Royal Flush: Privilege Escalation Vulnerability in Azure Functions (2021-04-08)
• RT又玩新套路，竟然这样隐藏C2 (2021-04-21)
• CDN+FaaS打造攻击前置 (2021-08-11)

1.6 Service Mesh

• A Survey of Istio’s Network Security Features (2020-03-04)
• Istio访问授权再曝高危漏洞 (CVE-2020-8595, 2020-03-13)
• Attack in a Service Mesh (CIS 2020)
• Istio Security Assessment (2021-07-13 (disclosed), 2020-08-06 (accomplished) by Istio with NCC Group)

1.7 API Gateway

• 腾讯蓝军安全提醒：开源云原生API网关Kong可能会成为攻击方进入企业内网的新入口(CVE-2020-11710) (2020-04-15)

1.8 Windows Containers

• Well, That Escalated Quickly! How Abusing Docker API Led to Remote Code Execution, Same Origin Bypass and Persistence in The Hypervisor via Shadow Containers (Black Hat 2017)
  • Well, That Escalated Quickly! (Whitepaper)
• What I Learned from Reverse Engineering Windows Containers (2019-12-12)
• Windows Server Containers Are Open, and Here's How You Can Break Out (2020-07-15)
  • PoC by James Forshaw (the author of post Who Contains the Containers?)
• Who Contains the Containers? (Project Zero, 2021-04-01)

1.9 Tools

• kube-hunter - Hunt for security weaknesses in Kubernetes clusters
• serverless_toolkit - A collection of useful Serverless functions I use when pentesting
• kubesploit
• kubeletmein - Security testing tool for Kubernetes, abusing kubelet credentials on public cloud providers
• CDK - Zero Dependency Container Penetration Toolkit
  • Zero Dependency Container Penetration Toolkit (Blackhat 2021)
  • CDK: Also a Awesome BugBounty Tool for Cloud Platform (WHC 2021)
• Metarget - framework providing automatic constructions of vulnerable infrastructures
• red-kube - Red Team K8S Adversary Emulation Based on kubectl
• whoc - A container image that extracts the underlying container runtime
• kdigger - A context discovery tool for Kubernetes penetration testing
  • Introduction to kdigger

2 Defensive

2.1 Standards and Benchmarks

• NIST.SP.800-190 Application Container Security Guide (2017-09-25)
• NIST.IR.8176 Security Assurance Requirements for Linux Application Container Deployments (2017-10)
• OWASP Container Security Verification Standard
• CIS Kubernetes Benchmark
• CIS Docker Benchmark
• NIST.SP.800-204 Security Strategies for Microservices-based Application Systems (2019-08)
  • NIST.SP.800-204B Attribute-based Access Control for Microservices-based Applications Using a Service Mesh (2021-08)

2.2 Kubernetes

• Kubernetes中的异常活动检测 (KCon 2021)

2.3 Container

• Understanding and Hardening Linux Containers (2016-06-29)
• 探索Sysdig Falco：容器环境下的异常行为检测工具 (2019-09-25)
• 云原生之容器安全实践 (2020-03-12)
• 容器环境相关的内核漏洞缓解技术 (2020-08-31)
• Detecting a Container Escape with Cilium and eBPF

2.4 Secure Container

• Making Containers More Isolated: An Overview of Sandboxed Container Technologies (2019-06-06)
• 深度解析 AWS Firecracker 原理篇 – 虚拟化与容器运行时技术 (2019-12-09)
• 以Docker为代表的传统容器到了生死存亡之际 (2019-12-24)
• Kata Containers创始人：安全容器导论 (2019-12-26)

2.5 Network

• BASTION: A Security Enforcement Network Stack for Container Networks (USENIX 2020)

2.6 Practices

• 国外顶尖容器安全产品是怎么做的 (2020-12-04)
• 云原生｜容器和应用安全运营实践思考 (2021-09-07)

2.7 Tools

• docker-bench-security
• kube-bench
• KubiScan
• Falco
  • Bypass Falco (2020-11-20)
  • Detecting MITRE ATT&CK: Defense evasion techniques with Falco (2021-02-02)
  • Detecting MITRE ATT&CK: Privilege escalation with Falco (2021-03-02)
• Elkeid - Elkeid is a Cloud-Native Host-Based Intrusion Detection solution project to provide next-generation Threat Detection and Behavior Audition with modern architecture
• kubescape - kubescape is the first tool for testing if Kubernetes is deployed securely as defined in Kubernetes Hardening Guidance by to NSA and CISA
• veinmind-tools
• cnspec - cloud-native security and policy project

3 Incidents

• Lessons from the Cryptojacking Attack at Tesla (2018-02-20)
• Graboid: First-Ever Cryptojacking Worm Found in Images on Docker Hub (2019-10-15)
• Detect large-scale cryptocurrency mining attack against Kubernetes clusters (2020-04-08)
• Coinminer, DDoS Bot Attack Docker Daemon Ports (2020-05-06)
  • TeamTNT团伙对Docker主机发起攻击活动，植入挖矿木马 (2020-08-04)
  • Team TNT – The First Crypto-Mining Worm to Steal AWS Credentials (2020-08-16)
  • Cetus: Cryptojacking Worm Targeting Docker Daemons (2020-08-27)
  • Black-T: New Cryptojacking Variant from TeamTNT (2020-10-05)
  • TeamTNT 挖矿木马利用Docker Remote API未授权访问漏洞入侵云服务器 (2020-11-27)
  • TeamTNT Now Deploying DDoS-Capable IRC Bot TNTbotinger (2020-12-18)
  • Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes (2021-02-03)
  • TeamTNT Targets Kubernetes, Nearly 50,000 IPs Compromised in Worm-like Attack (2021-05-25)
  • Tracking the Activities of TeamTNT: A Closer Look at a Cloud-Focused Malicious Actor Group (2021-06)
  • TeamTNT Actively Enumerating Cloud Environments to Infiltrate Organizations (2021-06-04)
  • TeamTNT with new campaign aka "Chimaera" (2021-09-08)
  • Team TNT Deploys Malicious Docker Image On Docker Hub (2021-10-07)
  • 再次捕获云上在野容器攻击，TeamTNT黑产攻击方法揭秘 (2021-10-20)
  • Compromised Docker Hub Accounts Abused for Cryptomining Linked to TeamTNT (2021-11-09)
• Misconfigured Kubeflow workloads are a security risk (2020-06-10)
• 鉴权配置不当，蠕虫在自建K8s集群自由出入 (2020-09-16)
• Siloscape: First Known Malware Targeting Windows Containers to Compromise Cloud Environments (2021-06-07)
• NSA, Partners Release Cybersecurity Advisory on Brute Force Global Cyber Campaign (2021-07-01)
  • Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments (2021-07)
• DockerHub再现百万下载量黑产镜像，小心你的容器被挖矿 (2021-08-30)
• Misconfigured Kafdrop Puts Companies’ Apache Kafka Completely Exposed (2021-12-06)