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Awesome Ontology

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 About Awesome Ontology

A curated list of ontology things

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Awesome Ontology

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Awesome Ontology

A curated list of ontology things. Your contribution is welcome!

Contents

Ontology Editors

  • Eddy - A graphical editor for the specification and visualization of ontologies in Graphol format.
  • ELOT - A tool for literate ontology engineering, enabling ontology authoring, documentation, and analysis from a single Org-mode plaintext document.
  • Fluent Editor - An award winning comprehensive tool for editing and manipulating complex ontologies that uses Controlled Natural Language.
  • OntoME - Designed for any object-oriented structured data model to build, manage and align your ontology, or to simply browse through the existing ontologies. (GitHub for issues)
  • OntoStudio (formerly OntoEdit) - A most widespread commercial modeling environment for creating and maintaining ontologies.
  • OWLGrEd - A UML Style Graphical Editor for OWL.
  • Protégé - A free, open-source ontology editor and framework for building intelligent systems.
  • Termboard - A very simple graphical editor to create Terms and Relations. It can use ChatGPT, Google Bard or any other chatbot. Ideal for beginners wanting to make and share quick sketches.
  • Vitro - A general-purpose web-based ontology and instance editor with customizable public browsing.
  • VocBench and Semantic Turkey - VocBench is a web-based, multilingual, collaborative development platform for managing OWL ontologies, SKOS(/XL) thesauri, Ontolex-lemon lexicons and generic RDF datasets. Its backend, Semantic Turkey is a RDF service platform for Knowledge Management and Acquisition.

Archived or inactive:

  • Apollo (last updated ~2005) - A user-friendly knowledge modelling application.
  • NeOn Toolkit (last updated 2011) - A state-of-the-art, open source multi-platform ontology engineering environment, which provides comprehensive support for the ontology engineering life-cycle.
  • Knoodl (last updated ~2017) - An ontology-driven "Distributed Information Management System" (DIMS) by Revelytix, Inc.
  • SWOOP (last updated 2007) - An OWL Ontology browser/editor that takes the standard Web browser as the basic UI paradigm.
  • TopBraid Composer Series (archived ~2021) - A powerful Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for implementing Knowledge Graph/Linked Data services by TopQuadrant, Inc.
  • WebODE (discontinued in 2006) - An extensible ontology-engineering suite based on an application server.

See also:

Ontology Utilities

  • LODE - Java ontology documentation generator to convert OWL ontologies into HTML human-readable pages.
  • OAK - The Ontology Access Kit, a python library and command line tool for ontologies.
  • obonet - Python library to convert OBO-formatted ontologies to networkx graphs.
  • OnToology - Online tool to automatically generate documentation and evaluation for Ontologies hosted on GitHub.
  • Ontospy - Python library and command-line interface for inspecting and visualizing RDF models.
  • OWLTools - Java API and command-line utilities on top of the OWL API.
  • pyLODE - Python ontology documentation generator inspired by LODE.
  • pyontutils - Python utilities for working with ontologies.
  • ROBOT - Java library and CLI tool for working with ontologies, particularly Open Biomedical Ontologies. It also provides a bridge to Python by Py4J.
  • WebVOWL - Web application for visualizing ontologies on the Web.
  • WIDOCO - Java tool for publishing and creating an enriched and customized documentation of ontology automatically, by following a series of steps in a GUI. Based on LODE.
  • yamlpyowl - Python based YAML-to-OWL-converter.
  • owl-cli - Command line tool for ontology engineering (diagram generation, read/write documents in various formats and OWL DL reasoning).

Generic RDF tools:

  • Tarql - Python tool to turn CSV into RDF using SPARQL syntax.
  • VocPrez - Python tool (API and web front-end) for the read-only delivery system of SKOS vocabularies.

Datastore

  • SciGraph - Neo4j backed ontology store.

Machine Learning

  • OntoLearner - A Python library for learning ontologies from data using large language models (LLMs).

Languages

Archived or inactive:

See also:

Ontologies and Vocabularies

See also:

Archived or inactive:

Upper-level Ontologies

Archived or inactive:

Mid-level Ontologies

Archived or inactive:

Cross-domain Ontologies

Formal

  • OWL-Time (Time Ontology) - An ontology for describing temporal concepts such as instants, intervals, and durations developed by W3C.

Large-scale

  • ConceptNet - An open, multilingual knowledge graph.
  • Cyc (OpenCyc/ResearchCyc) - A knowledge base which contains more than 630,000 concepts.
  • DBpedia - A crowd-sourced community effort to extract structured content from the information created in various Wikimedia projects.
  • KBpedia - A comprehensive knowledge structure for promoting data interoperability and knowledge-based artificial intelligence (KBAI). It combines Wikipedia, Wikidata, schema.org, DBpedia, GeoNames, OpenCyc, and UMBEL.
  • Wikidata - A free and open knowledge base that can be read and edited by both humans and machines. It contains more than 55,000,000 data items.
  • WordNet - A large lexical database of English. It consists of ~117,000 synsets (groups of synonyms).
  • YAGO - A huge semantic knowledge base, derived from Wikipedia WordNet and GeoNames. It has knowledge of more than 10 million (10,000,000) entities.
  • Xlore - A large-scale multilingual knowledge graph by structuring and integrating Chinese Wikipedia, English Wikipedia, French wikipedia, and Baidu Baike.

Without explicit classes:

Archived or inactive:

See also:

  • Open Multilingual Wordnet - A list of open wordnets in a variety of languages, all linked to the Princeton WordNet of English (PWN).

Small to Medium-scale

Domain Ontologies

Architecture & Built Environment

Biology, Medicine & Health

  • Gene Ontology (GO) - The world’s largest source of information on the functions of genes.
  • Uberon - All body parts across all animals.

See also:

  • OBO Foundry - A collection of 100+ ontologies in the biomedical domain, which are designed to be interoperable and logically well-formed.

Commerce & Finance

  • FIBO - An ontology for the financial industry, developed by the Enterprise Data Management Council (EDMC).
  • GoodRelations - The Web vocabulary for e-commerce.
  • Product Types Ontology - High-precision identifiers for product types based on Wikipedia.

Culture

  • CIDOC CRM (Conceptual Reference Model) - An ontology for cultural heritage information, which describes the explicit and implicit concepts and relations relevant to the documentation of cultural heritage.

Cybersecurity

  • D3FEND - An ontology of cybersecurity countermeasures by MITRE.
  • Unified Cyber Ontology (UCO) - A community-developed ontology which is intended to serve as a consistent foundation for standardized information representation across the cyber security domain/ecosystem.

Energy

Food and Drink

Geography

Governance & Provernance

  • PROV-O - An ontology for the PROV data model, which provides a framework to interchange provenance information generated in different systems and under different contexts.

Humanities

See:

Legal

See:

Music

  • The Music Ontology (MO) - An ontology designed to describe music-related concepts such as artists, albums, tracks, performances, and arrangements for use on the Semantic Web.

News

  • rNews - An approved standard for using semantic markup to annotate news-specific metadata in HTML documents.

People & Community

Vocabularies

A vocabulary is a set of terms for a language.

Alignment & Matching

  • AgreementMakerLight (AML) - Ontology matching system developed by LASIGE (FCUL, Portugal) in collaboration with the ADVIS Lab (UIC, USA).
  • LogMap - Highly scalable ontology matching system with "built-in" reasoning and inconsistency repair capabilities.
  • OntoAligner – Python library for ontology matching with modular architecture.
  • OntoEMMA - Ontology matcher by AllenAI.

See also:

  • Ontology Matching website - Hosting OM (International Workshop on Ontology Matching) and OAEI (Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative).
  • Alignment API - Ontology Alignment API specification. (implemented in Java)

Logics

A logic is a language with a proof theory (e.g., axioms and inference rules).

See also:

Reasoners

A reasoner is a program which infers explanatory or new facts and detects inconsistencies in ontology and knowledge base based on the logic associated.

  • CEL - A lightweight Description Logic (EL+) reasoner for large-scale biomedical ontologies. (Common Lisp+Java)
  • ELK - An ontology reasoner that aims to support the OWL 2 EL profile. (Java)
  • EYE - A reasoning engine which performs semibackward chaining and supports Euler paths. (Prolog)
  • FaCT++ - The new generation of the well-known FaCT OWL-DL reasoner which uses optimised tableaux algorithms. (C++)
  • Flora-2 (Ergo Lite) - A F-logic based reasoning system. (Prolog)
  • HyLAR - A rule-based incremental reasoner for the Web. (JavaScript)
  • jcel - A reasoner for the description logic EL+. (Java)
  • Openllet - An OWL DL reasoner build on top of Pellet 2. (Java)
  • OWL-RL - A simple implementation of the OWL2 RL Profile, as well as a basic RDFS inference, on top of RDFLib. (Python)
  • pyfactxx - Python bindings for upgraded FaCT reasoner and RDFLib integration. (Python/C++)
  • Racer - A knowledge representation system that implements a highly optimized tableau calculus for the description logic SRIQ(D). (Common Lisp+Java)
  • Whelk - A Scala OWL reasoner based on the algorithm implemented in ELK, using immutable data structures.

Archived or inactive:

  • cwm (last updated 2005) - A forward chaining RDF reasoner. (Python)
  • HermiT (last updated ~2013) - The first publicly-available OWL reasoner based on a novel “hypertableau” calculus which provides much more efficient reasoning than any previously-known algorithm. (Java)
  • Hoolet (last updated 2004) - An implementation of an OWL-DL reasoner that uses a first order prover. It uses the Vampire prover for reasoning purposes. Other reasoners could also be used; communication with the reasoner is via the TPTP format which is understood by a number of theorem provers.
  • KAON2 reasoner (last updated 2008) - A DL reasoner for the SHIQ(D) subset of OWL-DL, based on novel algorithms which reduce a SHIQ(D) knowledge base to a disjunctive datalog program. (proprietary, Java)
  • Pellet 2 (last updated ~2015) - An open source OWL DL reasoner for Java. Pellet 3 (proprietary) is embedded in the Stardog platform. (Java)

See also:

Querying

  • DL Query (class expression) - A query language supported by the DL Query tab plugin for Protégé based on the Manchester OWL syntax.
  • SPARQL 1.1 - A set of specifications that provide languages and protocols to query and manipulate RDF graph content on the Web or in an RDF store.
    • SPARQL-DL - A substantial subset of SPARQL that can be covered by the standard reasoning services OWL-DL reasoners provide. It is implemented in the Pellet reasoner.
    • SPARQL-OWL algorithm - A sound and complete algorithm for answering SPARQL-OWL, SPARQL queries under the OWL 2 Direct Semantics entailment regime.
    • SPARQL* - An RDF*-aware extension of the RDF query language SPARQL.

See also:

Rule and Schema Definition

Archived or inactive:

Programming

See also: Ontology Utilities section.

OWL-aware libraries

  • Apache Jena Ontology API (Java)
  • FunOWL - A Python library for working with OWL (functional syntax). (Python)
  • Horned OWL - An OWL Rust library. (Rust)
  • ontor - Ontology editing library built on Owlready2. (Python)
  • OWL API - A Java API for creating, manipulating and serializing OWL Ontologies. (Java)
  • Owlish - A Rust library for working with OWL 2 ontologies with Wasm support and turtle parsing. (Rust)
  • Owlready2 - A module for ontology-oriented programming in Python. (Python)
  • Tawny-OWL - A domain-specific language and library for OWL ontologies in Clojure. (Clojure)

Archived or inactive:

  • OPPL - An abstract formalism that allows for manipulating ontologies written in OWL.

Communities

Related

Archived or inactive:

Maintainer: @ozekik